The Comanche (: Nʉmʉnʉʉ) are a from the whose historic territory consisted of most of present-day northwestern Texas and adjacent areas in eastern, southeastern, southwestern, western, and northern. The Comanche people are as the Comanche Nation, headquartered in. A long day's journey into night summary. The Comanche were the dominant tribe on the southern Great Plains in the 18th and 19th centuries. They are often characterized as 'Lords of the Plains' and, reflecting their prominence, they presided over a large area called which a modern historian has characterized as the 'Comanche Empire.' Comanche power was based on,, trading, and raiding. They hunted the bison of the Great Plains for food and skins; their adoption of the horse from Spanish colonists in New Mexico made them more mobile; they traded with the Spanish, French, Americans and neighboring Native American peoples; and (most famously) they waged war on and raided European settlements as well as other Native Americans.
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They took captives from weaker tribes during warfare, using them as slaves or selling them to the Spanish and later Mexican settlers. They also took thousands of captives from the Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers and incorporated them into Comanche society.
Decimated by European diseases, warfare, and encroachment by Americans on Comancheria, the Comanche were defeated by the United States army in 1875 and confined to a reservation in Oklahoma. In the 21st century, the Comanche Nation has 17,000 members, around 7,000 of whom reside in tribal jurisdictional area around Lawton,, and the surrounding areas of southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche Homecoming Annual Dance is held annually in, in mid-July. The is a language of the family, sometimes classified as a dialect.
Only about 1% of Comanches speak their language today. The name 'Comanche' is from the name for them, kɨmantsi (enemy), but known to the French as Padoucas, an adaption of their Sioux name, and among themselves as Nʉmʉnʉ (people). Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Government [ ] The Comanche Nation is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma.
Their is located in,,,,,,,. Membership of the tribe requires a 1/8 (equivalent to one great-grandparent). Economic development [ ] The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues. They have their own Department of Higher Education, primarily awarding scholarships and financial aid for members' college educations. Additionally, they operate the Comanche Nation College in Lawton. They own 10 tribal smoke shops and four casinos.
The casinos are in Lawton; in;, in; and in. Cultural institutions [ ] In 2002, the tribe founded the, a two-year in Lawton. It has since closed. Each July, Comanches from across the United States gather to celebrate their heritage and culture in Walters at the annual Comanche Homecoming. The Comanche Nation Fair is held every September. The Comanche Little Ponies host two annual dances—one over New Year's and one in May. Prominent chief of the Comanche Indians with a feather fan The Comanche maintained an ambiguous relationship with Europeans and later settlers attempting to colonize their territory.
The Comanche were valued as trading partners since 1786 via the of New Mexico, but were feared for their raids against settlers in Texas. Similarly, they were, at one time or another, at war with virtually every other Native American group living on the South Plains, leaving opportunities for political maneuvering by European colonial powers and the United States. At one point,, president of the newly created, almost succeeded in reaching a with the Comanche in the 1844. His efforts were thwarted in 1845 when the refused to create an official boundary between Texas and the Comancheria. While the Comanche managed to maintain their independence and increase their territory, by the mid-19th century, they faced annihilation because of a wave of epidemics due to diseases to which they had no immunity, such as smallpox. Outbreaks of (1817, 1848) and (1849) took a major toll on the Comanche, whose population dropped from an estimated 20,000 in midcentury to just a few thousand by the 1870s.
The US began efforts in the late 1860s to move the Comanche into reservations, with the (1867), which offered churches, schools, and annuities in return for a vast tract of land totaling over 60,000 square miles (160,000 km 2). The government promised to stop the buffalo hunters, who were decimating the great herds of the Plains, provided that the Comanche, along with the,,, and, move to a reservation totaling less than 5,000 square miles (13,000 km 2) of land. However, the government did not prevent the slaughtering of the herds.
The Comanche under (Coyote's Vagina) retaliated by attacking a group of hunters in the Texas Panhandle in the (1874). The attack was a disaster for the Comanche, and the US army was called in during the to drive the remaining Comanche in the area into the reservation, culminating in the. Within just 10 years, the buffalo were on the verge of extinction, effectively ending the Comanche way of life as hunters. In 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by the Quahada warrior, surrendered and moved to the reservation in Oklahoma. The last independent Kiowa and Kiowa Apache had also surrendered. Unhappy with life on the reservation, 170 warriors and their families, led by, left the reservation in late 1876 for the Llano Estacado.